NGAL is a new biomarker for the diagnosis of acute kidney insufficiency or according to the terminology accepted abroad, acute kidney injury (AKI). The main advantage of NGAL is the earliest increase in its concentration in the development of acute kidney insufficiency, especially when compared with other renal markers. At the same time, the increase in the level of NGAL is proportional to the severity of developing kidney injury. Thus, NGAL allows early diagnostics and stratification of risks in the development of acute renal injury and makes possible the timely application of preventive therapy. Early diagnosis of acute kidney insufficiency allows making clinical decisions in the shortest time before the onset of acute kidney insufficiency and making proactive measures to stop declining kidney function.

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neurohormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased ventricular blood volume. The main physiological effects of BNP are diuresis, natriuresis, vasodilation, inhibition of the production of renin and aldosterone.

Clinical significance:

- Chronic heart failure ( early and differential diagnosis, assessment of severity, stages of the disease, prognosis, evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment and its monitoring )

D-dimer is a marker of thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis. An increased level of D-dimer is found in numerous states associated with activation of coagulation (disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, massive tissue damage or surgery, heart failure, infections, inflammations, neoplastic conditions). Despite the limited specificity of the test, the determination of D-Dimer has advantages over the measurement of other markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis, since the D-dimer formes only on the condition if both processes take place. Thus, he level of D-dimer does not change in primary fibrinolysis, dysfibrinogenemia.

Vitamin D blood test (25-hydroxyvitamin D, calciferol)

The indicator reflecting the status of vitamin D in the body. 25(OH) D- the active metabolite of vitamin D in blood.

The two basic forms of 25(OH) D- cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). D3 is formed mainly in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays while the source D2 is only food.

The level of 25(OH) D in the blood is considered the best indicator of the status of vitamin D in the body.

Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)

APF: liver cancer-metastasis of other malignant tumors to liver (during breast cancer, lungs cancer), scrotum cancer, ovaries, stomach, large intestine and breast cancer

Preparation: Before analyzing, you shouldn’t eat fruits and vegetables (beets, carrot and etc) that can affect the color of the urine. It is not recommended to collect urine during the administration of medicines. If it is not possible, let your doctor know about it. It is also not recommended to undergo urine analysis if the woman is menstruating and 5-7 days after cystoscopy.